Key Aspects of Anxiety:

• Physical Symptoms: Rapid breathing, muscle tightness, sweating, fatigue, and difficulty sleeping.

• Cognitive & Emotional Symptoms: Intense worry, apprehension, being "on edge," difficulty concentrating, and fearing the worst.

• Normal vs. Pathological: Normal anxiety is a temporary reaction to stress, whereas anxiety disorders involve persistent, intense fear that interferes with daily life, such as in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, or phobias.

​Key Aspects of ADHD:

• Inattention, such as having difficulty paying attention, keeping on task, or staying organized

• Hyperactivity, such as often moving around (including during inappropriate times), feeling restless, or talking excessively

• Impulsivity, such as interrupting, intruding on others, or having trouble waiting one’s turn

​Key Aspects of ASD:

• Difficulty with Social interactions (Starting and taking turns in conversations, Sharing interests or emotions, Understanding what others are thinking or feeling)

• Stimming, or making repetitive body movements to regulate emotions (e.g. rocking, hand flapping, spinning, running back and forth)

• Extreme distress at even small changes in plans or routine

• Extreme interest or knowledge of specific, narrow topics

• Sensory differences, like unusual sensitivity to light, sound, touch or texture

​Key Aspects of Depression in Youth:

• In younger children, symptoms of depression may include sadness, irritability, clinginess, worry, aches and pains, refusing to go to school, or being underweight.

• In teens, symptoms may include sadness, irritability, feeling negative and worthless, anger, poor performance or poor attendance at school, feeling misunderstood and extremely sensitive, using recreational drugs or alcohol, eating or sleeping too much, self-harm, loss of interest in normal activities, and avoidance of social interaction.

​Key Aspects of ODD:

• Impact: Behaviors cause significant distress for the child or others, impacting social, family, and school life.

• Angry/Irritable Mood: Frequent loss of temper, being easily annoyed, and resentment.

• Argumentative/Defiant Behavior: Active defiance, refusing to follow rules, and arguing with adults.

• Vindictiveness:

•  Spiteful or revenge-seeking behavior

PCIT stands out for its live coaching model. During sessions, a trained PCIT therapist observes the parent and child from behind a one-way mirror and provides real-time feedback through a small earpiece worn by the parent. This hands-on approach helps parents apply positive parenting strategies with confidence and effectiveness.

PMT is a highly effective treatment proven to change behavior over the long-term—that is, reducing negative behavior and increasing positive behavior, until positive behavior becomes second nature to the child (see PMT’s history and core ideas). Early intervention is important, before behavior escalates to the point of failing school, self-harm or hurting others, hospitalization or juvenile detention. 

​Key Aspects of ASD:

• Intrusion: Intrusive (unwanted and involuntary) thoughts such as repeated memories, distressing dreams, or flashbacks of traumatic events.

• Avoidance: Avoiding reminders of the traumatic event(s) may include avoiding people, places, activities, objects, and situations that may trigger distressing memories.

• Changes in cognition and mood: Individuals with PTSD may initially present with depressive symptoms. These include low mood (feeling sad), inability to feel happiness, and a lack of interest in activity and/or people that they used to enjoy.

Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

A skills-based therapy designed to help individuals manage intense emotions and improve relationships. DBT focuses on four core skill areas: mindfulness (staying present), distress tolerance (coping with crises), emotion regulation (understanding and managing emotions), and interpersonal effectiveness (assertive communication). Sessions often include both skill-building and applying those skills to real-life situations.

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

A therapy that helps clients develop psychological flexibility by learning to accept difficult thoughts and feelings rather than avoiding them. Clients practice mindfulness, cognitive defusion (stepping back from thoughts), and values clarification to guide meaningful action. The focus is less on eliminating symptoms and more on building a life aligned with personal values.

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Internal Family Systems (IFS)

A therapeutic model that views the mind as made up of different “parts,” such as protective parts (managers and firefighters) and vulnerable parts (exiles). Therapy involves helping clients identify these parts, understand their roles, and heal underlying emotional wounds. Clients learn to access their “Self” energy—characterized by calmness, curiosity, and compassion—to lead their internal system.

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Mindfulness-Based Interventions

These interventions teach clients to focus on the present moment with openness and without judgment. Techniques may include breathing exercises, body scans, and mindful awareness of thoughts and emotions. Mindfulness helps reduce reactivity, increase emotional regulation, and improve overall well-being.

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Exposure Therapy

A behavioral intervention that helps individuals gradually face feared situations, thoughts, or sensations in a safe and structured way. Over time, repeated exposure reduces anxiety and avoidance through habituation and increased confidence. Exposure can be done in real life (in vivo), through imagination, or using interoceptive exercises (e.g., mimicking physical symptoms of panic).

Mannaz represents all of humankind; the essence of humanity, identity, and social order. There is a strong focus on how you relate with others and your role within the broader community. This rune highlights cooperation, mutual respect, and the importance of understanding and aligning with shared morals and values.

Mannaz is a reminder that humanity is a collective force; we are all connected, and that each individual goal or wish has the power to unite and shape the greater purpose and path that our we all travel.